Nursing Implications for VITAMIN A Aquasol A, Del-Vi-A

VITAMIN A (vye′ta-min A) 

Aquasol A, Del-Vi-A 

Classification: VITAMIN SUPPLEMENT 

Therapeutic: VITAMIN A REPLACEMENT 

Pregnancy Category: A (X if greater than RDA) 

AVAILABILITY 

Tablet; capsule; solution for injection 

ACTION & THERAPEUTIC EFFECT 

Vitamin A, a fat-soluble vitamin, acts as a cofactor in mucopolysaccharide synthesis, cholesterol synthesis, and the metabolism of hydroxysteroids. Essential for normal growth and development of bones and teeth, for integrity of epithelial and mucosal surfaces, and for synthesis of visual purple necessary for visual adaptation to the dark. Has antioxidant properties. 

USES 

Vitamin A deficiency and as dietary supplement during periods of increased requirements, such as pregnancy, lactation, infancy, and infections. Used during fat malabsorption diagnosis, ichthyosis, keratosis follicularis, measles. 

CONTRAINDICATIONS 

History of sensitivity to vitamin A, hypervitaminosis A, oral administration to patients with malabsorption syndrome. Safe use in amounts exceeding 6000 international units during pregnancy (category X if greater than RDA) is not established. 

CAUTIOUS USE 

Women on oral contraceptives, hepatic disease, hepatic dysfunction, hepatitis; renal disease; pregnancy (category A within RDA limit), lactation; children, low-birth weight infants. 

ROUTE & DOSAGE 

Severe Deficiency 

Adult/Child (8 y or older): PO 500,000 international units/day for 3 days followed by 50,000 international units/day for 2 wk, then 10,000–20,000 international units/day for 2 mo IM 100,000 international units/day for 3 days followed by 50,000 international units/day for 2 wk 

Child: PO/IM Younger than 1 y: 7500–15,000 international units/ day for 10 days; 1–8 y: 17,000–35,000 international units/day for 2 wk 

Dietary Supplement 

Child: PO Younger than 4 y: 300 mcg/day 4–8 y: 400 mcg/day 

Nursing Implications VITAMIN A Aquasol A, Del-Vi-A

Related for Nursing Implications and Drugs Guide Information

1. NURSING IMPLICATIONS VITAMIN E Aquasol E, Vita-Plus E, Vitec
2. NURSING IMPLICATIONS VORICONAZOLE Vfend
3. NURSING IMPLICATIONS VORTIOXETINE Brintellix
4. NURSING IMPLICATIONS WARFARIN SODIUM Coumadin Sodium, Warfilone
5. NURSING IMPLICATIONS XYLOMETAZOLINE HYDROCHLORIDE Otrivin
6. NURSING IMPLICATIONS ZAFIRLUKAST Accolate

ADMINISTRATION 

Oral 

• Give on an empty stomach or following food or milk if GI upset occurs. 
• Store in tight, light-resistant containers. 

Intramuscular 

• Use IM route only if oral route not feasible. 
• Inject deeply into a large muscle. 

ADVERSE EFFECTS (≥1%) 

CNS: Irritability, headache, intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri), increased intracranial pressure, bulging fontanelles, papilledema, exophthalmos, miosis, nystagmus. Metabolic: Hypervitaminosis A syndrome (malaise, lethargy, abdominal discomfort, anorexia, vomiting), hypercalcemia. Musculoskeletal: Slow growth; deep, tender, hard lumps (subperiosteal thickening) over radius, tibia, occiput; migratory arthralgia; retarded growth; premature closure of epiphyses. Skin: Gingivitis, lip fissures, excessive sweating, drying or cracking of skin, pruritus, increase in skin pigmentation, massive desquamation, brittle nails, alopecia. Urogenital: Hypomenorrhea. GI: Hepatosplenomegaly, jaundice. Endocrine: Polydipsia, polyurea. Hematologic: Leukopenia, hypoplastic anemias, vitamin A plasma levels greater than 1200 international units/dL, elevations of sedimentation rate and prothrombin time. Body as a Whole: Anaphylaxis, death (after IV use). 

DIAGNOSTIC TEST INTERFERENCE 

Vitamin A may falsely increase serum cholesterol determinations (Zlatkis-Zak reaction); may falsely elevate bilirubin determination (with Ehrlich’s reagent). 

INTERACTIONS 

Drug: Mineral oil, cholestyramine, orlistat may decrease absorption of vitamin A. 

PHARMACOKINETICS 

Absorption: Readily from GI tract in presence of bile salts, pancreatic lipase, and dietary fat. Distribution: Stored mainly in liver; small amounts also found in kidney and body fat; distributed into breast milk. Metabolism: In liver. Elimination: In feces and urine. 

NURSING IMPLICATIONS 

Assessment & Drug Effects 

• Take dietary and drug history (e.g., intake of fortified foods, dietary supplements, self-administration or prescription drug sources). Women taking oral contraceptives tend to have significantly higher plasma vitamin A levels. 
• Monitor therapeutic effectiveness. Vitamin A deficiency is often associated with protein malnutrition as well as other vitamin deficiencies. It may manifest as night blindness, restriction of growth and development, epithelial alterations, susceptibility to infection, abnormal dryness of skin, mouth, and eyes (xerophthalmia) progressing to keratomalacia (ulceration and necrosis of cornea and conjunctiva), and urinary tract calculi. 

Patient & Family Education

• Avoid use of mineral oil while on vitamin A therapy. 
• Notify prescriber of symptoms of overdosage (e.g., nausea, vomiting, anorexia, drying and cracking of skin or lips, headache, loss of hair).

Tweet

Jangan sampai ketinggalan postingan-postingan terbaik dari Nursing Implications for Drugs. Berlangganan melalui email sekarang juga:

Atau sobat juga bisa follow Nursing Implications for Drugs dengan mengklik tombol di bawah ini:

Artikel keren lainnya:

Ditulis oleh Unknown pada tanggal Thursday, July 16, 2015